Urdu Poetry Romantic Biography
source:- Google.com.pk
In
the period that followed, and before the launching of the Progressive
Writers Movement in the 30s, mention should be made of Altaf Husain Hali
(1837-1914) and Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938). Hali was a poet of the
newer socio-cultural concerns and advocated 'natural poetry' that had an
ameliorative purpose. His Musaddas is an important example of this. He
was also a theorist who opened new frontiers in Urdu criticism with his
Moqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shairi (Preface to Poetry) which equals Wordsworth's
Preface to Lyrical Ballads in importance, and even surpasses it in
certain respects. He realized that with the impact of the West a new
perspective was required. He, along with Mohammad Husain Azad
(1830-1910), laid the foundations of a new poetry in 1867 under the
auspices of Anjuman-e-Punjab, Lahore. Azad had asserted in the same year
that Urdu poets should come out of the grooves of responses conditioned
by Persian culture and root their works in the ethos of the land.
Seeing no response to his pleas, he reiterated the same point seven
years later on May 8, 1874 during his address on the occasion of the
first mushaira of the Anjuman. These appeals failed to make and impact
as sensibilities rooted in particular tradition are not easily altered
even by impassioned pleas. Hali, creating a new taste for his age.
Iqbal, with his remarkable religio-philosphical vision, and Josh
Malihabadi (1838-1982), with his nationalistic and political fervour,
produced exceptionally eloquent kinds of poetry that continue to
reverberate over the years. Iqbal remained the most influential poet to
achieve artistic excellence while putting forward a philosophical point
of view, and his poetry, quite often, acquired the status of the
accepted truth. A host of others Urdu poets and translators of English
poetry who appeared on the literary scene during the first quarter of
this century experimented with non-traditional poetic forms but they
ultimately echoed sentiments and adopted forms that were more or less
tradition-bound. They also looked towards the West, the traditional
source of literary influence, but that was a world apart and too far to
seek, They could reach only the Romantics who had already become
outmoded in an age identified with Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot. A
characteristically modern poem in form and value, tone and tenor,
remained at best an intriguing possibility.Poetry-making is much older
than writing. Although its origins have been lost to history and can
never be known for certain, the widely-accepted theory is that poetry
arose in early agricultural societies, where it was spoken or chanted as
a spell to promote good harvests. Certainly it was a part of religious
rites and ceremonies in ancient Greece and Rome, and was the vehicle
used for handing down the stories of the people's struggles and
triumphs.It is extremely difficult to define poetry and describe the difference between it and prose, and experts the world over have been understandably reluctant to do so. On the subject of definitions, the French poet Paul Valéry (1871-1945) remarked that anybody with a watch could say what time it was, but who could define time itself?
One attempt at a definition of poetry is that it is written (or recited) in lines--that instead of running on as prose does, it breaks at certain points. There is a suggestion of this definition in the original Latin words for prose and verse: prosus meant 'going straight forth' and versus meant 'returning'. In verse there is a tendency to repetition (to 'return') and to variation. Of course, if it is the sort of verse that conforms to an elaborate traditional pattern, it can scarcely be confused with prose. Even then, though, there are no handy rules for telling whether it is good poetry or bad poetry, a point often emphasized by the regular emergence throughout history of poets who were at first scorned, and later celebrated or vice versa.
Ancient Greeks were fond of relaying historical events in the form of poetry. Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad being the most well known examples. Epic poems were the way to transfer your great story to the masses. It was understandable to a wide range of citizenry. It was also around this time that short form poetry such as hymns, psalms, suras, and hadiths were becoming widespread.
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